A Comparative Study on Properties of Different Halal-Based Gelatin and its Application

Abstract

Gelatin is a protein derived from collagen obtained from skin/hides, scales, bones and ligaments of animals. It functions as a gelling agent, stabilizer, emulsifier, thickener, texture improver, encapsulation materials, binder, clarifying agent in industries such as food and beverage, pharmaceutical, medicine, cosmetics, personal care and packaging. Due to multifunctional properties of gelatin, the production has been increasing globally. However, there have been growing concerns on the Halal status of gelatin which had largely been extracted from porcine and mammalian gelatin which has not been slaughtered according to the Islamic principles. In addition, recently there has been an increase in demand for the discovery of new sourced gelatin that could cater to the needs of many populations. Hence this research attempts to investigate the differences in physicochemical and functional properties of three Halal-based gelatin (bovine, ovine and fish gelatin), as well as gelatin-substitutes, namely pectin and carrageenan. This study also examines the application of gelatin in Brunei Darussalam’s manufacturing and production and identifies the most suitable gelatin substitutes in many areas of manufacturing and production in Brunei. Data collection is obtained from library research of previous researches and interviews with Brunei’s Halal and gelatin experts. The findings show that mammalian gelatin (bovine and ovine gelatins) has a superior rheological property compared to fish gelatin. Although fish gelatin has few limitations in regards to its functional properties, fish gelatin still has a greater benefit as it is healthier and has low melting temperature which could be suitable in the manufacturing of products in low temperature. Pectin and carrageenan which had become one of the top five in global food hydrocolloids market has also shown their potential in the food industry. This dissertation outlines the regulations and guidelines of gelatin application in manufacturing and production, as well as importation, retailing and distribution of gelatin and gelatin-containing products in Brunei Darussalam.